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The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable in your program.
Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame (see Selecting a Frame); they must be either:
or
This means that in the function
foo (a) int a; { bar (a); { int b = test (); bar (b); } }
you can examine and use the variable a
whenever your program is
executing within the function foo
, but you can only use or
examine the variable b
while your program is executing inside
the block where b
is declared.
There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose
scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not
in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or
function with the same name (in different source files). If that
happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish,
you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file by
using the colon-colon (::
) notation:
file::variable function::variable
Here file or function is the name of the context for the
static variable. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to
make sure gdb parses the file name as a single word—for example,
to print a global value of x
defined in f2.c:
(gdb) p 'f2.c'::x
The ::
notation is normally used for referring to
static variables, since you typically disambiguate uses of local variables
in functions by selecting the appropriate frame and using the
simple name of the variable. However, you may also use this notation
to refer to local variables in frames enclosing the selected frame:
void foo (int a) { if (a < 10) bar (a); else process (a); /* Stop here */ } int bar (int a) { foo (a + 5); }
For example, if there is a breakpoint at the commented line,
here is what you might see
when the program stops after executing the call bar(0)
:
(gdb) p a $1 = 10 (gdb) p bar::a $2 = 5 (gdb) up 2 #2 0x080483d0 in foo (a=5) at foobar.c:12 (gdb) p a $3 = 5 (gdb) p bar::a $4 = 0
These uses of `::' are very rarely in conflict with the very similar use of the same notation in C++. gdb also supports use of the C++ scope resolution operator in gdb expressions.
Warning: Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the wrong value at certain points in a function—just after entry to a new scope, and just before exit.You may see this problem when you are stepping by machine instructions. This is because, on most machines, it takes more than one instruction to set up a stack frame (including local variable definitions); if you are stepping by machine instructions, variables may appear to have the wrong values until the stack frame is completely built. On exit, it usually also takes more than one machine instruction to destroy a stack frame; after you begin stepping through that group of instructions, local variable definitions may be gone.
This may also happen when the compiler does significant optimizations. To be sure of always seeing accurate values, turn off all optimization when compiling.
Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as opposed to memory addresses). Depending on the support for such cases offered by the debug info format used by the compiler, gdb might not be able to display values for such local variables. If that happens, gdb will print a message like this:
No symbol "foo" in current context.
To solve such problems, either recompile without optimizations, or use a different debug info format, if the compiler supports several such formats. See Compilation, for more information on choosing compiler options. See C and C++, for more information about debug info formats that are best suited to C++ programs.
If you ask to print an object whose contents are unknown to gdb, e.g., because its data type is not completely specified by the debug information, gdb will say `<incomplete type>'. See incomplete type, for more about this.
If you append @entry string to a function parameter name you get its value at the time the function got called. If the value is not available an error message is printed. Entry values are available only with some compilers. Entry values are normally also printed at the function parameter list according to set print entry-values.
Breakpoint 1, d (i=30) at gdb.base/entry-value.c:29 29 i++; (gdb) next 30 e (i); (gdb) print i $1 = 31 (gdb) print i@entry $2 = 30
Strings are identified as arrays of char
values without specified
signedness. Arrays of either signed char
or unsigned char
get
printed as arrays of 1 byte sized integers. -fsigned-char
or
-funsigned-char
gcc options have no effect as gdb
defines literal string type "char"
as char
without a sign.
For program code
char var0[] = "A"; signed char var1[] = "A";
You get during debugging
(gdb) print var0 $1 = "A" (gdb) print var1 $2 = {65 'A', 0 '\0'}