Bulk Damages (NIEL)
bulk damages maybe caused by neutral and charged particles
ihigh energy particle interacts with an atom in the silicon lattice, enough energy maybe transfered to dislodge the atom from its position (Si: 25eV)
primary knock on atom (PKA) looses its energy due to energy or displacement of further atoms until it stops --> cascade
different local point defects
high energy --> complexes
defects induce several energy levels in the bandgap of the semiconductor